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Electrical semiconductor characterization
Luminescence dating, research, dosimetry and more
Contamination monitor, beta-aerosol monitor, dose rate meter and more
for ultra-fast crystal orientation, crystal alignment in production, quality control, rocking curve measurements, material...
state-of-the-art XRD system for automatic single crystal ingot orientation, tilting and alignment for grinding
Wafer sorting, crystal orientation, resistivity, optical notch and flat determination
Flexible diffractometer for ultra-fast Omega Scan orientation determination
Smart diffractometer for ultra-fast Omega-scan of small samples.
Robust XRD equipment for fully automated in-line testing & alignment
for blanks, wafers & bars (AT, SC, TF, etc.)
three generations of X-ray engineers
in industrial production, R&D and more
discover the most convenient way of measuring orientation of single crystals
Mono- and Multi-crystalline wafer lifetime measurement device
State of the art system for topographic electrical characterization of multicrystalline bricks in fabs with high throughput....
Production integrated high speed wafer mapping of carrier lifetime. Single wafer topograms in less than one second a wafer.
Low cost table top lifetime measurement system for characterization of a variety of different silicon samples at different...
Mono- and Multi-crystalline wafer and brick lifetime measurement device
Flexible OEM unit for lifetime measurements at a variety of different samples ranging from mono- to multicrystalline silicon...
for contactless and temperature dependent lifetime and LBIC measurements
The minority carrier life time is sensitive for all kinds of electrically active defects in semiconductors and is therefore...
MDP is an advanced technology with a so far unsurpassed combination of sensitivity, speed and resolution for fab and lab...
High sensitivity, high resolution surface photovoltage (SPV) measurement instrument
High sensitivity, high resolution surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS) instrument with a variable energy excitation source...
for quality control of bifacial PERC/PERC+ solar cells and more
portable in field PID tester for solar modules
user friendly and advanced operating software
The PIDcon devices are designed to investigate the PID susceptibility for production monitoring of solar cells as well as tests...
Learn more about the reasons for PID and the how the susceptibility of solar cells, mini modules and encapsulation materials can...
Our quality management system is an integrated process-oriented system with ISO 9001 certification.
Changes in the conduction type of a multicrystalline brick are frequently observed, due to a high phosphorus concentration in the low quality feedstock. Hence it is very important to detect such changes from p to n conduction with a high resolution, since the n-type material cannot be used.
In the PV industry sometimes also low quality material with a high phosphorous concentration is used. Phosphor has a segregation coefficient of 0.35 and is therefore segregating in the top of the brick (last part that solidifies).There the concentration can be so high, that even changes in the conduction type from p to n can occur. Of course the n-type material cannot be used anymore for the solar cell production. Before the conduction type changes completely to n-conductivity, there is a narrow part of the ingot that is highly compensated and has a very high resistivity. Since resistivity measurements by eddy current are difficult to achieve in high resolution, it is preferable to use the photoconductivity for the detection of such a pn change.
The photoconductivity or signal height depends on the resistivity because the skin depth of the microwave increases with increasing resistivity, so that at high resistivities a larger volume of the sample is measured. This dependency can be used for the pn detection.
With a clever computer algorithm, it is possible to detect the sharp rise in photoconductivity, so that a pn-change can be detected with a resolution of 1 mm (fig.1 and fig.2). This algorithm can be implanted into the software of the MDPingot and MDPingot inline tool.
The MDPingot and MDPingot inline allows to detect pn-changes inline with a resolution of 1mm as demonstrated in figure 1 and 2. With this feature useless n-material can be sorted out as early as possible in the production process.
For more information please read:
[1] N. Schüler, D. Mittelstrass, K. Dornich, J.R. Niklas, 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference Honululu, (2010) 852-857
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